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Debunking the “Cook Myth”
In addition to demonstrating that tattoos were often seen in a positive, or at least neutral, light, a crucial subsidiary aim of this dissertation is to debunk what can be termed the “Cook myth”: the perception in many scholarly and popular texts from at least the 1950s that the historical origins of modern tattooing among Westerners exclusively derived from Cook’s first voyage to the Pacific and his and his crews’ encounters with tattooed people in Tahiti—that Cook, et. al., somehow “discovered” or “reinvigorated” tattooing.
[1] But this is clearly not the case.
[2] A look at texts from before the mid-eighteenth century demonstrates that many authors, explorers, scientists, etc. were well familiar with the practice of permanently marking the body with a substance embedded underneath the skin.
For example, one of Cook’s contemporaries, explorer Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu, writing about the Marquesan tattooing he saw in 1791, noted the similarities to and contrasts with the European tattooing that he said was not only common but of great antiquity:
We should be wrong to suppose the tattooing is peculiar to nations half-savage; we see it practised by civilized Europeans; from time immemorial, the sailors of the Mediterranean, the Catalans, French, Italians, and Maltese, have known this custom, and the means of drawing on their skin, indelible figures of crucifixes, Madonas [sic]. &c. or of writing on it their own name and that of their mistress.[3]
Tattooing appears to have always been present on Europeans—both travelers and non-travelers—although it waxed and waned in popularity, as all cultural practices do, and was utilized for shifting reasons and by varying types of groups (national, religious, occupational, etc.) at different times.
[4]
[4] Caplan’s important and groundbreaking anthology about the history of European tattoo begins the work of trying to recover the pre-Cook history, but leaves off, positing a “discontinuous” history of European tattooing that breaks somewhere in late Antiquity and doesn’t reemerge until the Early Modern period. As more and more recent evidence of tattooing in the medieval period emerges, as well as in late Antiquity and the Early Modern period, this discontinuous history hypothesis becomes as flawed as the Cook myth. Caplan,
Written on the Body.